Inani leenkqubo zokugcinwa kwamandla ebhetri (BESS) kwizicelo ezisisigxina, kubandakanywa isikali se-utility kunye nezicelo ezisasazwayo, sele iqalile ukukhula kakhulu, ngokutsho kwe-survey ye-apricum, i-arhente yokubonisana nobuchwepheshe obucocekileyo.Ngokoqikelelo lwamva nje, intengiso kulindeleke ukuba ikhule ukusuka malunga nebhiliyoni enye yeedola ngo-2018 ukuya phakathi kwe-20 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kunye ne-25 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2024.
I-Apricum ichonge abaqhubi abathathu abaphambili bokukhula kweBess: okokuqala, inkqubela phambili entle kwiindleko zebhetri.Eyesibini yinkqubo-sikhokelo yolawulo ephuculweyo, zombini ezo ziphucula ukukhuphisana kweebhetri.Okwesithathu, iBess yimakethi yenkonzo efikelelekayo ekhulayo.
1. Iindleko zebhetri
Imfuneko ephambili yosetyenziso olubanzi lwe-Bess kukuncitshiswa kweendleko ezinxulumeneyo ngexesha lokuphila kwebhetri.Oku kuphunyezwa ikakhulu ngokunciphisa inkcitho yemali, ukuphucula ukusebenza okanye ukuphucula iimeko zenkxaso-mali.

2. inkcitho enkulu
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ixabiso elikhulu lokunciphisa iteknoloji ye-Bess ibhetri ye-lithium-ion, eye yehla malunga ne-US $ 500-600 / kwh kwi-2012 ukuya kwi-US $ 300-500 / kWh okwangoku.Oku kungenxa yesikhundla esiphezulu sobuchwephesha kwizicelo zeselula ezifana ne "3C" yamashishini (ikhompyutheni, unxibelelwano, i-electronics yabathengi) kunye neenqwelo zombane, kunye noqoqosho olubangelwayo kwimveliso.Kulo mongo, uTesla uceba ukunciphisa ngakumbi iindleko zeebhetri ze-lithium-ion ngokuveliswa kwesityalo sayo se-35 GWH / kW "Giga factory" e-Nevada.UAlevo, umenzi webhetri yokugcina amandla waseMelika, ubhengeze isicwangciso esifanayo sokuguqula umzi-mveliso wecuba olahliweyo ube ngumzi mveliso webhetri we-gigawatt ezili-16.
Kule mihla, uninzi lwabaqalisi betekhnoloji yokugcina amandla bazibophelele ekwamkeleni ezinye iindlela zenkcitho eyinkunzi ephantsi.Bayaqonda ukuba kuya kuba nzima ukuhlangabezana nomthamo wemveliso yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion, kwaye iinkampani ezifana ne-EOS, i-aquon okanye i-ambri ziyila iibhetri zazo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zeendleko ukususela ekuqaleni.Oku kunokufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa inani elikhulu lezinto eziluhlaza kunye nobuchwepheshe obuzisebenzelayo kakhulu bee-electrode, ii-proton exchange membranes kunye ne-electrolyte, kunye nokukhutshwa kwemveliso yabo kwiikontraka zemveliso zehlabathi ezifana neFoxconn.Ngenxa yoko, i-EOS yathi ixabiso lenkqubo yeklasi ye-megawatt yi-$ 160 / kWh kuphela.
Ukongeza, ukuthengwa kwezinto ezintsha kunokunceda ukunciphisa iindleko zotyalo-mali zeBess.Ngokomzekelo, i-Bosch, i-BMW kunye ne-Swedish utility company Vattenfall ifaka i-2MW / 2mwh iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ezisisigxina ezisekelwe kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion ezisetyenziswa kwi-BMW I3 kunye neemoto ze-ActiveE.
3. ukusebenza
Imilinganiselo yokusebenza yebhetri inokuphuculwa ngeenzame zabavelisi kunye nabaqhubi ukunciphisa iindleko zenkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri (BESS).Ubomi bebhetri (umjikelo wobomi kunye nobomi bomjikelezo) ngokucacileyo bunempembelelo enkulu kuqoqosho lwebhetri.Kwinqanaba lokuvelisa, ngokongeza izongezo zobunikazi kwiikhemikhali ezisebenzayo kunye nokuphucula inkqubo yokuvelisa ukufezekisa umgangatho ofanayo kunye nomgangatho webhetri ongaguqukiyo, ubomi bokusebenza bunokwandiswa.
Ngokucacileyo, ibhetri kufuneka ihlale isebenza ngokufanelekileyo ngaphakathi koluhlu oluyiliweyo olusebenzayo, umzekelo, xa kuziwa kubunzulu bokukhutshwa (DoD).Ubomi bomjikelezo bunokwandiswa kakhulu ngokunciphisa ubunzulu obunokwenzeka bokukhupha (i-DoD) kwisicelo okanye ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezinomthamo ophezulu kunokuba zifunwa.Ulwazi oluthe kratya lweyona mida yokusebenza ingcono efunyenwe ngovavanyo olungqongqo lwelabhoratri, kunye nokuba nenkqubo yokulawula ibhetri efanelekileyo (BMS) yeyona nto iluncedo.Ilahleko yokusebenza kakuhle kohambo lokuya nokubuya ibangelwa ikakhulu yi-hysteresis engokwemvelo kwikhemistri yeseli.Intlawulo efanelekileyo okanye izinga lokukhupha kunye nobunzulu obuhle bokukhupha (i-DoD) luncedo ukugcina ukusebenza kakuhle.
Ukongeza, amandla ombane asetyenziswa ngamacandelo enkqubo yebhetri (inkqubo yokupholisa, yokufudumeza okanye yolawulo lwebhetri) ichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye kufuneka igcinwe incinci.Ngokomzekelo, ngokongeza izinto zoomatshini kwiibhetri ze-lead-acid ukukhusela ukubunjwa kwe-dendrite, ukuthotywa kwamandla ebhetri ekuhambeni kwexesha kunokuncitshiswa.

4. Iimeko zenkxaso-mali
Ishishini lebhanki leeprojekthi zeBess lihlala lichatshazelwa yirekhodi yokusebenza elinganiselweyo kunye nokungabikho kwamava amaziko okuxhasa ngemali kwintsebenzo, ukugcinwa kunye nemodeli yoshishino yokugcina amandla ebhetri.

Ababoneleli kunye nabaphuhlisi benkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri (BESS) iiprojekthi kufuneka bazame ukuphucula iimeko zotyalo-mali, umzekelo, ngemizamo yewaranti esemgangathweni okanye ngokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yovavanyo olubanzi lwebhetri.

Ngokubanzi, ngokuhla kwenkcitho yemali kunye nenani elikhulayo leebhetri ezikhankanywe ngasentla, ukuzithemba kwabatyali-mali kuya kunyuka kwaye iindleko zabo zemali ziya kuhla.

5. Inkqubo yolawulo
Inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri isetyenziswe ngu wemag / younicos
Njengabo bonke ubugcisa obutsha obungena kwiimarike ezivuthiweyo, inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri (BESS) ixhomekeke kumlinganiselo othile kwisakhelo solawulo esilungileyo.Ubuncinci oko kuthetha ukuba akukho zithintelo ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwintengiso yenkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri (BESS).Ngokufanelekileyo, amasebe karhulumente aya kubona ixabiso leenkqubo zokugcina ezisisigxina kwaye akhuthaze izicelo zabo ngokufanelekileyo.
Umzekelo wokuphelisa impembelelo yezithintelo zesicelo yi-Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order 755, efuna i-isos3 kunye ne-rtos4 ukubonelela ngokukhawuleza, ngokuchanekileyo kunye neentlawulo eziphezulu zokusebenza kwi-mw-miliee55 izibonelelo.Njengoko i-PJM, i-opharetha ezimeleyo, iguqule imarike yombane we-wholesale ngo-Oktobha 2012, isikali sokugcinwa kwamandla siye sanda.Ngenxa yoko, isibini kwisithathu sezixhobo zokugcina amandla eeMW ezingama-62 ezifakwe eMelika ngowama-2014 ziimveliso zogcino lwamandla e-PJM.EJamani, abasebenzisi beendawo zokuhlala abathenga amandla elanga kunye neenkqubo zokugcina amandla banokufumana imali mboleko enenzala ephantsi kwi-KfW, ibhanki yophuhliso ephethwe ngurhulumente waseJamani, kwaye banyuke ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30% yesaphulelo kwixabiso lokuthenga.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, oku kuye kwakhokelela ekufakweni kweenkqubo zokugcina amandla malunga ne-12000, kodwa kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba enye i-13000 yakhiwe ngaphandle kweprogram.Ngo-2013, ugunyaziwe olawulayo waseCalifornia (CPUC) wafuna ukuba icandelo elisetyenziswayo kufuneka lithenge i-1.325gw yomthamo wokugcina amandla ngo-2020. Inkqubo yokuthengwa kwempahla ijolise ekuboniseni indlela iibhetri ezinokuthi ziphucule ngayo igridi kwaye zincede ukudibanisa amandla elanga kunye nomoya.

Le mizekelo ingentla izehlo ezinkulu eziye zavusa inkxalabo enkulu kwindawo yokugcina amandla.Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho oluncinci kwaye luhlala lungabonakali kwimithetho lunokuba nefuthe elinamandla kwingingqi yokusebenza kwenkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri (BESS).Imizekelo enokubakho ibandakanya:

Ngokunciphisa nje ubuncinci beemfuno zomthamo weemarike ezinkulu zokugcina amandla eJamani, iinkqubo zokuhlala zogcino lwamandla ziya kuvunyelwa ukuba zithathe inxaxheba njengezityalo zamandla ezibonakalayo, zomeleze ngakumbi imeko yeshishini leBess.
Undoqo wesicwangciso sesithathu se-EU sohlaziyo lwamandla, esiqale ukusebenza ngo-2009, kukwahlulwa kokuveliswa kwamandla kunye neshishini lokuthengisa kuthungelwano lothumelo.Kule meko, ngenxa yokungaqiniseki okusemthethweni, iimeko apho umqhubi wenkqubo yokuhanjiswa (TSO) uya kuvunyelwa ukuba aqhube inkqubo yokugcina amandla ayicacanga ngokupheleleyo.Ukuphuculwa komthetho kuya kubeka isiseko sokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwenkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri (BESS) kwinkxaso yombane wombane.
Isisombululo samandla e-AEG kwimarike yenkonzo enokulungiseka
Intsingiselo ethile kwimarike yombane yehlabathi ibangela ukwanda kwemfuno yeenkonzo.Ngokomgaqo, inkonzo yeBess inokwamkelwa.Iindlela ezihambelanayo zezi zilandelayo:
Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwamandla avuselelekayo kunye nokwanda kombane othambileyo ngexesha leentlekele zendalo, imfuno yokuguquguquka kwinkqubo yamandla iyanda.Apha, iiprojekthi zokugcina amandla zinokubonelela ngeenkonzo ezincedisayo ezifana nolawulo lwamaxesha kunye nomthamo wombane, ukuthomalalisa ukuxinana kwegridi, ukuqiniswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo kunye nokuqalisa okumnyama.

Ukwandiswa nokuphunyezwa kokuveliswa nokuhanjiswa nokuhanjiswa kweziseko ezingundoqo ngenxa yokuguga okanye ukungonelanga komthamo, ngokunjalo nokufakelwa kombane kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni.Kule meko, inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri (BESS) ingasetyenziselwa njengenye indlela yokulibazisa okanye ukuphepha utyalo-mali lweziseko ezingundoqo ukuzinzisa igridi yamandla eyedwa okanye ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kweejeneretha zedizili kwi-grid system.
Abasebenzisi bemizi-mveliso, abarhwebi kunye neendawo zokuhlala bayasokola ukujamelana neentlawulo eziphezulu zombane, ngakumbi ngenxa yokutshintsha kwamaxabiso kunye neendleko zemfuno.Kubahlali (abasenokubakho) abanini bamandla ombane welanga, ixabiso elithotyiweyo legridi liya kuchaphazela ukwenzeka koqoqosho.Ukongeza, umbane udla ngokungathembeki kwaye ukumgangatho ophantsi.Iibhetri ezimileyo zinokunceda ukwandisa ukuzisebenzisa, ukwenza “ipeak clipping” kunye “nepeak shifting” ngelixa zibonelela ngobonelelo lwamandla olungaphazamisekiyo (UPS).
Ngokucacileyo, ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nale mfuno, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zemveli ezingezizo zokugcina amandla.Ukuba iibhetri zenza ukhetho olungcono kufuneka zivavanywe kwimeko nganye kwaye zinokwahluka kakhulu ukusuka kummandla ngengingqi.Umzekelo, nangona kukho amatyala alungileyo oshishino eOstreliya naseTexas, ezi meko zifuna ukoyisa ingxaki yosulelo lomgama omde.Ubude bekheyibhile obuqhelekileyo bomgangatho wamandla ombane aphakathi eJamani bungaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezili-10, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukwandiswa kwegridi yamandla emveli kube yeyona ndlela isezantsi yeendleko kwiimeko ezininzi.
Ngokubanzi, inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri (BESS) ayanele.Ngoko ke, iinkonzo kufuneka zidibaniswe "kwi-benefit superposition" ukwenzela ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokubuyisela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.Ukuqala ngesicelo ngowona mthombo mkhulu wengeniso, kufuneka siqale sisebenzise amandla okugcina ukubamba amathuba akwisiza kwaye siphephe imiqobo yolawulo efana nonikezelo lombane lwe-UPS.Kuwo nawaphi na amandla aseleyo, iinkonzo ezinikezelwa kwigridi (ezifana nolawulo lwamaza ombane) nazo zinokuqwalaselwa.Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba iinkonzo ezongezelelweyo azinako ukuthintela uphuhliso lweenkonzo ezinkulu.

Impembelelo kubathathi-nxaxheba bemarike yokugcina amandla.
Ukuphucuka kwaba baqhubi kuya kukhokelela kumathuba amatsha oshishino kunye nokukhula kwemarike okulandelayo.Nangona kunjalo, uphuhliso olubi ngokulandelayo luya kukhokelela ekusileleni okanye nasekulahlekeni kokunokwenzeka koqoqosho lwemodeli yeshishini.Umzekelo, ngenxa yokunqongophala okungalindelekanga kwezinye izinto eziluhlaza, ukuncitshiswa kweendleko okulindelekileyo kusenokungafezeki, okanye ukuthengiswa kobugcisa obutsha kusenokungenziwa njengoko kulindelekile.Utshintsho kwimimiselo lunokwenza isakhelo apho i-Bess ingenako ukuthatha inxaxheba.Ukongeza, uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso emeleneyo lunokudala ukhuphiswano olongezelelweyo lweBess, olufana nolawulo lwezihlandlo zamandla ahlaziyekayo asetyenziswayo: kwezinye iimarike (umzekelo, i-Ireland), imigangatho yegridi sele ifuna iifama zomoya njengowona vimba ungundoqo wamandla.

Ke ngoko, amashishini kufuneka athathele ingqalelo omnye komnye, aqikelele kwaye aphembelele ixabiso lebhetri, isakhelo solawulo kwaye athathe inxaxheba ngempumelelo kwimfuno yentengiso yehlabathi yogcino lwamandla ebhetri..