Iindaba-Ukwaphula ibhotile enzima-uku-abate kwindlela yaseTshayina yokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngehydrogen ecocekileyo (1)

Ukwaphula i-bottleneck enzima-uku-abate kwindlela yase-China ukuya kwi-carbon neutrality kunye ne-hydrogen ecocekileyo

Amazwe afana neChina ajongene ne-bottleneck kwiindlela zabo zokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni: ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kumashishini anzima kunye nokuthutha okunzima.Kukho izifundo ezinzulu ezimbalwa zendima elindelekileyo ye-hydrogen ecocekileyo kula macandelo 'enzima-ukukhupha' (HTA).Apha senza uhlalutyo oludityanisiweyo lwexabiso eliphantsi lemodeli.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba, okokuqala, i-hydrogen ecocekileyo inokuba yinto ephambili yokuthwala amandla kunye ne-feedstock enokunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwishishini elinzima.Isenokuthi ifake amafutha ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50% yelori enzima kunye neenqwelo zebhasi zaseTshayina ngo-2060 kunye nezabelo ezibalulekileyo zokuthunyelwa ngenqanawe.Okwesibini, imeko yokwenene ecocekileyo ye-hydrogen efikelela kwi-65.7 Mt yemveliso kwi-2060 inokuphepha i-US $ 1.72 trillion yotyalo-mali olutsha xa kuthelekiswa ne-no-hydrogen scenario.Olu pho nonongo lubonelela ngobungqina bexabiso le-hydrogen ecocekileyo kumacandelo e-HTA e-China kunye namazwe ajongene nemingeni efanayo ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kokukhutshwa kokufezekisa iinjongo ze-net-zero.

Ukulawula ukungathathi cala kwekhabhoni ngumsebenzi ongxamisekileyo wehlabathi jikelele, kodwa akukho ndlela 'yokulingana-konke' yezizwe eziphumayo ezinkulu ukuhlangabezana nale njongo1,2 .Uninzi lwezizwe eziphuhlileyo, ezifana ne-United States kunye naseYurophu, zilandela izicwangciso ze-decar bonization ezijoliswe ngokukodwa kwiinqwelo ezinkulu ze-vehi cle (LDV), ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane, ukuvelisa kunye nezakhiwo zorhwebo kunye neendawo zokuhlala, amacandelo amane ahlangeneyo uninzi lwezinto ezikhutshwayo zekhabhoni3,4.Iimveliso ezinkulu zelizwe eliphuhlayo, njenge-China, ngokuchaseneyo, zinezoqoqosho ezahlukileyo kakhulu kunye nezakhiwo zamandla, ezifuna izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka kwe-decarbonization hayi ngokwamacandelo kuphela kodwa nasekuhanjisweni ngobuchule kobugcisa bekhabhoni eyi-zero-carbon.

Ulwahlulo oluphambili lweprofayili yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yaseTshayina xa kuthelekiswa nezo zoqoqosho lwasentshona zizabelo ezinkulu kakhulu zokukhupha kumashishini anzima kunye namaqhezu amancinane kakhulu e-LDVs kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwizakhiwo (Fig. 1).I-China ikwinqanaba lokuqala kwihlabathi, ngokude, malunga nokuveliswa kwesamente, intsimbi kunye nentsimbi, iikhemikhali kunye nezixhobo zokwakha, ezitya izixa ezikhulu zamalahle ubushushu beshishini kunye nokuveliswa kwecoke.Ushishino olunzima lunegalelo lama-31% ezinto ezikhutshwayo eChina zizonke, isabelo esingaphezulu nge-8% kune-avareji yehlabathi (23%), i-17% inkulu kuneyaseMelika (14%) ne-13% ngaphezulu kwe-European Union. (18%) (ref.5).

I-China ithembise ukunyusa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngaphambi kwe-2030 kwaye ifezekise ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngaphambi kwe-2060. Ezi zithembiso zemozulu zafumana ukudunyiswa okubanzi kodwa zaphakamisa imibuzo malunga ne-fea sibility6 , ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yendima enkulu 'yobunzima-ukuyeka' (HTA) iinkqubo kuqoqosho lwaseTshayina.Ezi nkqubo ziquka ngokuphawulekayo ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kushishino olunzima kunye nothutho olunzima oluya kuba nzima ukufakela umbane (kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukutshintshela ngokuthe ngqo kumandla ahlaziyekayo) kunye neenkqubo zemizi mveliso ngoku zixhomekeke kumafutha efosili ukwenzela ukutya kweekhemikhali.Kubekho izifundo ezimbalwa zakutsha nje1– I-3 iphanda iindlela ze-decar bonization ezikhokelela ekungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni kucwangciso lwenkqubo yamandla e-China iyonke kodwa ngocazululo olulinganiselweyo lwamacandelo e-HTA.Kumazwe ngamazwe, izisombululo zokunciphisa ezinokubakho kumacandelo e-HTA sele ziqalisile ukutsala ingqalelo kwiminyaka yakutshanje7-14.Ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwamacandelo e-HTA kunomngeni kuba kunzima ukufaka umbane ngokupheleleyo kunye/okanye kuxabisa kakhulu7,8.U-Åhman ugxininise ukuba ukuxhomekeka kwendlela yeyona ngxaki iphambili kumacandelo e-HTA kwaye umbono kunye nokucwangciswa kwexesha elide kubuchwepheshe obuphambili kuyafuneka 'ukuvula' amacandelo e-HTA, ngakumbi amashishini anzima, ukusuka ekuxhomekeke kwifosili9.Uphononongo luphonononge izixhobo ezitsha kunye nezisombululo zokunciphisa ezinxulumene nokubanjwa kwekhabhoni, ukusetyenziswa kunye/okanye ukugcinwa (CCUS) kunye neetekhnoloji ezingezizo ezikhutshwayo (NETs)10,11.kophononongo olunye ubuncinane ziyavuma ukuba kufuneka ziqwalaselwe kucwangciso lwexesha elide11.KwiNgxelo yoHlolo yesiThandathu esandula kukhutshwa yePhaneli yoRhulumente kuTshintsho lweMozulu, ukusetyenziswa kwe-hydrogen 'ekhutshwa kancinci' kuye kwaqatshelwa njengenye yezisombululo ezingundoqo zokuthomalalisa amacandelo amaninzi ekufezekiseni izinto ezikhutshwayo ezingenaziro kwikamva12.

Uncwadi olukhoyo kwi-hydrogen ecocekileyo lugxile kakhulu kwiinketho zobuchwephesha bokuvelisa kunye nohlalutyo lweendleko zecala lokubonelela15.('Coca' i-hydrogen kweli phepha ibandakanya zombini 'iluhlaza' kunye 'neblue' hydrogen, leyo yangaphambili iveliswa yi-electrolysis yamanzi kusetyenziswa amandla ahlaziyekayo, le yokugqibela ithathwe kumafutha efosili kodwa ikhutshwe nge-CCUS.) Ingxoxo ngemfuno ye-hydrogen igxile kakhulu icandelo lezothutho kumazwe aphuhlileyo-izithuthi ze-hydrogen fuel cell ngokukodwa16,17.Uxinzelelo lokususwa kwekhabhoni kumashishini anzima luhlile xa kuthelekiswa nezo zothutho lwendlela, nto leyo ebonisa uqikelelo oluqhelekileyo lokuba ishishini elinzima liya kuthi.
kuhlala kunzima ukwehla de kuvele iinguqulelo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe.Uphononongo lwe-hydrogen ecocekileyo (ingakumbi eluhlaza) ibonise ukukhula kwayo kwezobuchwepheshe kunye neendleko ezihlayo17, kodwa uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka olugxininise kubukhulu beemarike ezinokubakho kunye neemfuno zobuchwepheshe zamashishini ukuze kusetyenziswe ukukhula okulindelweyo konikezelo lwe-hydrogen ecocekileyo16.Ukuqonda ukubanakho kwe-hydrogen ecocekileyo ukuqhubela phambili ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni yehlabathi kuya kuba kucalucalulo ukuba uhlalutyo lulinganiselwe ngokukodwa kwiindleko zemveliso yayo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngamacandelo athandwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kuqoqosho oluphuhlileyo. ubukhulu becala kwiinketho zobuchwephesha bemveliso kunye nohlalutyo lweendleko zecala lokubonelela15.('Coca' i-hydrogen kweli phepha ibandakanya zombini 'iluhlaza' kunye 'neblue' hydrogen, leyo yangaphambili iveliswa yi-electrolysis yamanzi kusetyenziswa amandla ahlaziyekayo, le yokugqibela ithathwe kumafutha efosili kodwa ikhutshwe nge-CCUS.) Ingxoxo ngemfuno ye-hydrogen igxile kakhulu icandelo lezothutho kumazwe aphuhlileyo-izithuthi ze-hydrogen fuel cell ngokukodwa16,17.Uxinzelelo lokuphelisa ikhabhoni kumashishini anzima luhlile xa kuthelekiswa nezo zothutho lwendlela, nto leyo ebonisa uqikelelo oluqhelekileyo lokuba ishishini elinzima liza kuhlala kunzima ukulithoba de kuvele iinguqulelo ezintsha zetekhnoloji.Uphononongo lwe-hydrogen ecocekileyo (ingakumbi eluhlaza) ibonise ukukhula kwayo kwezobuchwepheshe kunye neendleko ezihlayo17, kodwa uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka olugxininise kubukhulu beemarike ezinokubakho kunye neemfuno zobuchwepheshe zamashishini ukuze kusetyenziswe ukukhula okulindelweyo konikezelo lwe-hydrogen ecocekileyo16.Ukuqonda ukubanakho kwe-hydrogen ecocekileyo ukuqhubela phambili ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni yehlabathi kuya kuthambekela ngokusemthethweni ukuba uhlahlelo luthintelwe ikakhulu kwiindleko zemveliso yayo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngamacandelo athandwayo kuphela kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kuqoqosho oluphuhlileyo.

Ukuvavanya amathuba okucoca i-hydrogen ecocekileyo kuxhomekeke ekuvavanyeni kwakhona iimfuno zayo ezilindelekileyo njengenye ifutha kunye nesondlo sekhemikhali kuyo yonke inkqubo yamandla kunye noqoqosho, kubandakanywa ukuqwalaselwa kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zelizwe.Akukho luphononongo lubanzi kangako ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ngendima ye-hydrogen ecocekileyo kwikamva laseTshayina elingu-zero.Ukuzalisa esi sikhewu sophando kuya kunceda ukuzoba umkhombandlela ocacileyo wokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 yaseTshayina, kuvumela ukuvavanywa kokwenzeka kwezithembiso ze-2030 kunye ne-2060 ze-decarbonization kunye nokubonelela ngesikhokelo kolunye uqoqosho olukhulayo olukhulayo kunye namacandelo amakhulu amashishini anzima.

Isazobe soku-1 |Ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yamazwe aphambili kunye nendlela yokuhlalutya ye-hydrogen kwinkqubo yamandla.a, ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yaseTshayina ngo-2019 xa kuthelekiswa ne-United States, iYurophu, iJapan kunye neIndiya, ngamafutha.Ngo-2019, ukutshiswa kwamalahle kuthathe esona sabelo sikhulu sokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni eTshayina (79.62%) naseIndiya (70.52%), kwaye ukutshiswa kweoyile kube negalelo elikhulu ekukhutshweni kwekhabhoni eUnited States (41.98%) naseYurophu (41.27%).b, ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yaseTshayina ngo-2019 xa kuthelekiswa ne-United States, iYurophu, iJapan kunye neIndiya, ngokwecandelo.Izinto ezikhutshwayo ziboniswa ekhohlo kunye nomlinganiselo ekunene ku-a kunye no-b.Umyinge wokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni evela kushishino eTshayina (28.10%) naseIndiya (24.75%) wawuphezulu kakhulu kunowaseMelika (9.26%) naseYurophu (13.91%) ngo-2019. amacandelo e-HTA.I-SMR, ukulungiswa kwemethane yomphunga;I-PEM electrolysis, i-polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis;Inkqubo ye-PEC, inkqubo ye-photoelectrochemical.

Olu phononongo lujonge ukuphendula imibuzo emithathu engundoqo.Okokuqala, yeyiphi imiceli mngeni ephambili yokuchithwa kwekhabhoni kumacandelo e-HTA kumazwe asaphuhlayo afana neTshayina, njengoko yahluliwe kulawo amazwe aphuhlileyo?Ngaba iitekhnoloji zangoku zokunciphisa kumacandelo e-HTA (ingakumbi ishishini elinzima) zisebenza ngokwaneleyo ukuphumeza ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni yaseTshayina ngo-2060?Okwesibini, zeziphi iindima ezilindelekileyo ze-hydrogen ecocekileyo njengazo zombini i-energy carrier kunye ne-feedstock kumacandelo e-HTA, ngakumbi e-China nakwamanye amazwe asakhulayo asanda kuqalisa ukufikelela kwimveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo?Okokugqibela, kusekwe kusetyenziso oluguquguqukayo lwe-sys yamandla yonke yaseTshayina

tem, ngaba ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwe-hydrogen ecocekileyo kumacandelo e-HTA kuya kuba neendleko ezifanelekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nolunye ukhetho?

Apha sakha imodeli yenkqubo yamandla ehlangeneyo equka zombini unikezelo kunye nemfuno kuwo wonke amacandelo ukuhlalutya ukuphumelela kweendleko ezilindelekileyo kunye neendima ze-hydrogen ecocekileyo kuqoqosho lonke lwase-China, kugxininise kumacandelo e-HTA angaphandwanga (umzobo 1c).

Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-03-2023