Ngentsasa ye-21 ka-Epreli 2014, i-musk i-parachuted eBeijing Qiaofu Fangcao ngenqwelomoya yabucala kwaye yaya kwiSebe lezesayensi kunye neteknoloji yaseChina kwindawo yokuqala yokumisa ukuhlola ikamva lokungena kukaTesla eChina.I-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wesayensi kunye neteknoloji isoloko ikhuthaza uTesla, kodwa ngeli xesha i-musk yavala umnyango kwaye yafumana impendulo elandelayo: I-China iqwalasela ukuguqulwa kwerhafu yezithuthi zombane.Phambi kokuqukunjelwa kohlaziyo, iimodeli kusafuneka zihlawule umrhumo wama-25% njengezithuthi zesiqhelo.

Ke i-musk iceba "ukukhwaza" ngengqungquthela ye-geek Park innovators.Kwiholo elikhulu lekhonsathi yaseZhongshan, uYang Yuanqing, uZhou Hongyi, uZhang Yiming nabanye baye bahlala eqongeni.Kwaye i-musk yalinda emva kweqonga, yakhupha ifowuni yakhe kwaye yathumela i-tweet.Wathi xa kukhala umculo wanyathela eqongeni, echwayita eqhwaba izandla.Kodwa xa ebuyela e-United States, wathumela kwi-tweet kwaye wakhalaza: "E-China, sifana nosana olukhasayo."

Ukusukela ngoko, uTesla sele ekwicala lokutshona kangangezihlandlo ezininzi njengoko imarike idla ngokuba yi-bearish kwaye ingxaki ye-dystocia ikhokelele kumjikelo wesiqingatha sonyaka wokuqokelela abathengi.Ngenxa yoko, i-musk yawa kwaye yatshaya nentsangu bukhoma, ilala kumzi-mveliso waseCalifornia yonke imihla ukujonga inkqubela.Eyona ndlela yokusombulula ingxaki yomthamo kukwakha iifektri ezinkulu eTshayina.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, u-musk wakhala kwintetho yakhe eHong Kong: kubathengi baseTshayina, wade wafunda ukusebenzisa i-wechat.

Ixesha liyabhabha.Nge-7 kaJanuwari 2020, imusk yeza eShanghai kwakhona yazisa ibhetshi yokuqala yemodeli yasekhaya ezintathu izitshixo kubanini beemoto zaseTshayina kumzi-mveliso weTesla Shanghai Super.Amazwi akhe okuqala ayesithi: Enkosi kurhulumente waseTshayina.Wayenomdaniso wokukhuhla umqolo kwalapho.Ukususela ngoko, ngokunciphisa ixabiso elibukhali kwimodeli yasekhaya ye-3, abantu abaninzi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwishishini batsho ngokukrakra: ukuphela kwezithuthi zamandla amatsha eChina kuza.

Nangona kunjalo, kulo nyaka uphelileyo, uTesla uye wafumana iziganeko ezinkulu ze-rollover, kubandakanywa ukutsha kwebhetri ngokukhawuleza, injini ngaphandle kolawulo, i-skylight indiza, njl njl. Kwaye isimo sengqondo sikaTesla siye saba "nengqiqo" okanye sinekratshi.Kungekudala, ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kwamandla eemoto ezintsha, uTesla ugxekwa ngamajelo aphakathi.Ngokwentelekiso, ingxaki yokuncipha kwebhetri yeTesla ixhaphake kakhulu, abanini beemoto kwi-Intanethi bagxeka ilizwi emva komnye.

Ngenxa yoku, amaziko karhulumente athabatha amanyathelo ngokusemthethweni.Kutshanje, uLawulo Jikelele lolawulo lwemarike kunye namanye amasebe amahlanu udliwano-ndlebe noTesla, ebandakanya ikakhulu iingxaki ezifana nokukhawulezisa okungaqhelekanga, umlilo webhetri, ukuphuculwa kwemoto ekude, njl. Njengoko sonke siyazi, iibhetri zasekhaya ze-lithium iron phosphate zisetyenziswa ngokusisiseko kwimodeli yasekhaya 3 .

Ibaluleke kangakanani ibhetri ye-lithium?Xa ujonga emva kwindlela yophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso, ngaba iTshayina iyabuqonda ngokwenene ubuchwephesha obungundoqo?Indlela yokuphumelela impumelelo?

1/ Isixhobo esibalulekileyo samaxesha

Ngenkulungwane yama-20, uluntu luye lwavelisa ubutyebi obuninzi ngaphezu komlinganiselo weminyaka engama-2000 yangaphambili.Phakathi kwazo, inzululwazi nobugcisa bunokuthathwa njengamandla athatha isigqibo ekukhuthazeni impucuko yehlabathi nophuhliso loqoqosho.Kule minyaka ilikhulu idluleyo, izinto eziyilwe zenzululwazi nezobuchwepheshe ezidalwe ngabantu ziqaqambe njengeenkwenkwezi, kwaye ezimbini kuzo ziqondwa njengezinempembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yembali.Eyokuqala yi-transistors, ngaphandle kwayo bekungekho iikhompyutha;okwesibini iibhetri ze-lithium-ion, ngaphandle kokuba ihlabathi lingayi kucingelwa.

Namhlanje, iibhetri ze-lithium zisetyenziswe kwiibhiliyoni zeefowuni eziphathwayo, ii-laptops kunye nezinye iimveliso zombane minyaka le, kunye nezigidi zeenqwelo zamandla amatsha, kunye nazo zonke izixhobo eziphathwayo emhlabeni ezifuna ukutshaja.Ukongeza, ngokufika kwenguqu entsha yemoto yamandla kunye nokudalwa kwezixhobo ezininzi eziphathwayo, imboni yebhetri ye-lithium iya kuba nekamva eliqaqambileyo.Ngokomzekelo, ixabiso lemveliso yonyaka yeeseli zebhetri ze-lithium kuphela lifikelele kwi-yuan ye-200 yeebhiliyoni, kwaye ikamva lisondele kwikona.

Izicwangciso kunye neeshedyuli zokupheliswa kwexesha elizayo kwezithuthi zamafutha eziqulunqwe ngamazwe ahlukeneyo ehlabathi nazo ziya kuba "yi-icing on the cake".Owokuqala yiNorway ngo-2025, kunye ne-United States, iJapan kunye namazwe amaninzi aseYurophu malunga ne-2035. I-China ayinalo isicwangciso sexesha esicacileyo.Ukuba akukho teknoloji entsha kwixesha elizayo, imboni yebhetri ye-lithium iya kuqhubeka ikhula amashumi eminyaka.Kunokuthiwa ukuba ngubani ophethe iteknoloji engundoqo ye-lithium ibhetri ithetha ukuba nentonga yokulawula ishishini.

Amazwe aseNtshona Yurophu amisela ucwangciso lwamaxesha okuphelisa iimoto zamafutha

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, iYurophu kunye ne-United States, i-China, iJapan kunye ne-South Korea ziye zaqalisa ukhuphiswano oluqatha kwaye zide ziqhubele phambili kwintsimi yeebhetri ze-lithium, ezibandakanya izazinzulu ezininzi ezidumileyo, iiyunivesithi ezininzi eziphezulu kunye namaziko ophando, kunye nezigebenga kunye ne-capital consortia. amashishini epetroleum, ekhemikhali, eemoto, ezenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe.Ngubani na oya kucinga ukuba indlela yophuhliso yoshishino lwebhetri ye-lithium yehlabathi yayifana neye-semiconductor: yavela eYurophu nase-United States, yomelele kuneJapan kunye ne-South Korea, kwaye ekugqibeleni yalawulwa yi-China.

Kwiminyaka yee-1970 kunye nee-1980, iteknoloji yebhetri ye-lithium yavela eYurophu naseMelika.Emva kwexesha, abantu baseMelika baqulunqa ngokulandelelana i-lithium cobalt oxide, i-lithium manganese oxide kunye neebhetri ze-lithium iron phosphate, ezazikhokele kwishishini.Ngo-1991, iJapan yaba yeyokuqala ukwenza iibhetri ze-lithium-ion, kodwa ke imarike yaqhubeka iyancipha.UMzantsi Korea, kwelinye icala, uthembele kurhulumente ukuba awuqhubele phambili.Kwangaxeshanye, ngenkxaso eyomeleleyo karhulumente, i-China yenze ishishini lebhetri ye-lithium libe ngowokuqala emhlabeni ngenyathelo.

Ekuguqukeni koshishino lwebhetri ye-lithium, iYurophu, iMelika kunye neJapan ziye zadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni iteknoloji.Ngo-2019, iBhaso leNobel kwichemistry lanikezelwa kwizazinzulu zaseMelika uJohn goodinaf, uStanley whitingham kunye nesazinzulu saseJapan uYoshino ngokuqaphela igalelo labo kuphando kunye nophuhliso lweebhetri ze-lithium-ion.Ekubeni izazinzulu ezivela eUnited States naseJapan ziphumelele ibhaso leNobel, ngaba iChina inokukhokela ngokwenene kubuchwephesha obuphambili beebhetri ze-lithium?

2/ Imbeleko yebhetri ye-lithium 

Ukuphuhliswa kweteknoloji yebhetri ye-lithium yehlabathi kunomzila omde wokulandela.Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1970, ekuphenduleni ingxaki yeoli, i-Exxon yaseka ilebhu yophando eNew Jersey, yatsala inani elikhulu leetalente eziphezulu kwifiziksi kunye nekhemistri, kuquka uStanley whitingham, ugxa we-postdoctoral kwi-electrochemistry eqinile kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford.Injongo yalo kukwakha kwakhona isisombululo esitsha samandla, oko kukuthi, ukuphuhlisa isizukulwana esitsha seebhetri ezinokutsha.

Ngelo xesha, iBell Labs iseke iqela leekhemisti kunye neefiziksi ezivela kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford.La macala mabini aphehlelele ukhuphiswano oluqatha kuphando nophuhliso lweebhetri zesizukulwana esilandelayo.Nokuba uphando lunxulumene, "imali ayiyongxaki.".Emva kweminyaka ephantse ibe mihlanu yophando oluyimfihlo kakhulu, uWhitingham neqela lakhe baqale baphuhlisa ibhetri yokuqala yehlabathi yelithium-ion egcwalisekayo.

Le bhetri ye-lithium ngobuchule isebenzisa i-titanium sulfide njengezinto ze-cathode kunye ne-lithium njengento ye-anode.Ineenzuzo zobunzima bokukhanya, umthamo omkhulu kwaye akukho mpembelelo yememori.Ngexesha elifanayo, lilahla iintsilelo zebhetri yangaphambili, enokuthiwa yi-qualitative leap.Ngo-1976, u-Exxon wafaka isicelo selungelo lomenzi wokuqala we-lithium webhetri yehlabathi, kodwa akazange axhamle kushishino.Nangona kunjalo, oku akuchaphazeli igama lika-whitingham "njengoyise we-lithium" kunye nesimo sakhe emhlabeni.

Nangona ukuveliswa kwe-whitingham kukhuthaze ishishini, ukutshaja kwebhetri ukutsha kunye nokutyumza kwangaphakathi kulikhathaza kakhulu iqela, kubandakanya i-gudinaf.Ngoko ke, yena kunye nabancedisi ababini be-postdoctoral baqhubeka behlola itafile ye periodic ngokucwangcisiweyo.Ngowe-1980, ekugqibeleni bagqiba kwelokuba eyona nto ilungileyo yayiyi-cobalt.I-Lithium cobalt oxide, enokusetyenziswa njenge-cathode yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion, iphezulu kakhulu kunayo nayiphi na enye into ngelo xesha kwaye yahlala ngokukhawuleza kwimarike.

Ukusukela ngoko, itekhnoloji yebhetri yabantu ithathe inyathelo elikhulu ukuya phambili.Yintoni eya kwenzeka ngaphandle kwe-lithium cobaltite?Ngamafutshane, kwakutheni ukuze “iselfowuni enkulu” ibe nkulu kwaye inzima?Kungenxa yokuba akukho bhetri ye-lithium cobalt.Nangona kunjalo, nangona ibhetri ye-lithium cobalt oxide ineenzuzo ezininzi, ukungona kwayo kubonakaliswe emva kokusetyenziswa kwexabiso elikhulu, kubandakanywa neendleko eziphezulu, ukunganyangeki kokuhlawula okuphezulu kunye nokusebenza komjikelo, kunye nokungcoliseka okukhulu kwenkunkuma.

Ke ugoodinav kunye nomfundi wakhe uMike Thackeray baqhubeka nokukhangela izixhobo ezingcono.Ngo-1982, uThackeray wenza ibhetri ye-lithium manganethi enguvulindlela.Kodwa kungekudala, watsibela kwi-Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) ukufunda iibhetri ze-lithium.Kwaye ugoodinaf kunye neqela lakhe bayaqhubeka nokukhangela ezinye izixhobo, behlisa uluhlu lube yindibaniselwano yentsimbi kunye nephosphorus ngokuphinda batshintshe ngokucokisekileyo iintsimbi kwitafile ye periodic.

Ekugqibeleni, isinyithi kunye ne-phosphorus ayizange yenze ulungelelwaniso olufunwa yiqela, kodwa lwenza esinye isakhiwo: emva kwe-licoo3 kunye ne-LiMn2O4, into yesithathu ye-cathode yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion yazalwa ngokusemthethweni: LiFePO4.Ke ngoko, ezona electrode zebhetri ze-lithium-ion zibaluleke kakhulu zazalelwa kwilabhoratri ye-dinaf ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo.Ikwaye yaba yindawo yokuzala kweebhetri ze-lithium emhlabeni, ngokuzalwa kwezi chwephesha zimbini zeBhaso leNobel.

Ngo-1996, iYunivesithi yaseTexas yenza isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza egameni lelabhoratri ye-goodinaf.Le yipatent yokuqala esisiseko yebhetri yeLiFePO4.Ukususela ngoko, uMichelle Armand, isazi se-lithium yesiFrentshi, uye wajoyina iqela kwaye wafaka isicelo kunye ne-dinaf kwi-patent ye-LiFePO4 iteknoloji yokugqoka i-carbon, ibe yi-patent yesibini ye-LiFePO4.La malungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza angundoqo angenako ukujikwa kuyo nayiphi na imeko.

3/ Ukudluliselwa kweTekhnoloji

Ngophuhliso lwesicelo setekhnoloji, kukho ingxaki engxamisekileyo ekufuneka isonjululwe kwi-electrode engalunganga ye-lithium cobalt oxide ibhetri, ngoko ke ayizange yenziwe ngokukhawuleza.Ngelo xesha, isinyithi se-lithium sasisetyenziswa njengento ye-anode yeebhetri ze-lithium.Nangona inokubonelela ngoxinaniso lwamandla aphezulu kakhulu, bekukho iingxaki ezininzi, kubandakanywa umgubo ngokuthe ngcembe we-anode kunye nokulahleka komsebenzi, kunye nokukhula kwe-lithium dendrites kunokugqobhoza i-diaphragm, okukhokelela kumjikelezo omfutshane okanye ukutsha kunye nokugqabhuka kwesixhobo. ibhetri.

Xa ingxaki yayinzima kakhulu, kwavela amaJapan.U-Sony uye waphuhlisa iibhetri ze-lithium ixesha elide, kwaye uye wanikela ingqalelo ngokukhawuleza kuphuhliso lwehlabathi.Nangona kunjalo, akukho lwazi malunga nokuba nini kwaye phi iteknoloji ye-lithium cobaltite yafunyanwa.Ngo-1991, u-Sony wakhupha ibhetri yokuqala ye-lithium-ion yorhwebo kwimbali yoluntu, kwaye wabeka iibhetri ezininzi ze-lithium cobalt oxide cylindrical kwikhamera ye-ccd-tr1 yamva nje.Ukusukela ngoko, ubuso bomthengi we-elektroniki wehlabathi bubhalwe kwakhona.

NguYoshino owenza esi sigqibo sibalulekileyo.Waphayona ukusetyenziswa kwekhabhoni (graphite) endaweni ye-lithium njenge-anode yebhetri ye-lithium, kwaye idibene ne-lithium cobalt oxide cathode.Oku kuphucula ngokusisiseko umthamo kunye nobomi bomjikelezo webhetri ye-lithium, kwaye kunciphisa iindleko, ezingamandla okugqibela oshishino lwebhetri ye-lithium.Ukusukela ngoko, amashishini aseTshayina naseKorea agalele kwishishini lebhetri ye-lithium, kwaye iteknoloji entsha yamandla (ATL) yasekwa ngeli xesha.

Ngenxa yokubiwa kobuchwepheshe, “imanyano yamalungelo” eyaqalwa yiYunivesithi yaseTexas kwaye amanye amashishini ebephethe amakrele kwihlabathi jikelele, okukhokelele kungquzulwano lwelungelo lomenzi olubandakanya amazwe amaninzi kunye neenkampani.Ngelixa abantu basacinga ukuba i-LiFePO4 yeyona bhetri ifanelekileyo yamandla, inkqubo entsha ye-cathode yezinto edibanisa iingenelo ze-lithium niobate, i-lithium cobalt kunye ne-lithium manganese iye yazalelwa ngokuthula kwibhubhoratri yaseCanada.

Ngo-Epreli 2001, uJeff Dann, uNjingalwazi wefiziksi kwiDyunivesithi yasedalhous kunye nososayensi oyintloko weqela le-3M laseCanada, waqulunqa i-nickel enkulu ye-cobalt manganese ternary composite cathode material, eyakhuthaza ibhetri ye-lithium ukuba iphule inyathelo lokugqibela lokungena kwimarike. .Ngomhla wama-27 kuEpreli waloo nyaka, i-3M yafaka isicelo eUnited States kwilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza, eyona patent isisiseko semathiriyeli ye-ternary.Oku kuthetha ukuba okoko nje kwi-ternary system, akukho mntu unokujikeleza.

Phantse kwangaxeshanye, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) kuqala ucebise ingqikelelo etyebileyo lithium, yaye kwesi siseko, wayilwa maleko lithium isisityebi kunye nezixhobo eziphezulu manganese ternary, kwaye isicelo ngempumelelo patent ngo 2004. Kwaye umntu ophetheyo olu phuhliso lwetekhnoloji yithackerel, eyaqulunqa i-lithium manganenate.Kuze kube yi-2012, uTesla waqala ukukhupha isantya sokunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe.UMusk wanikela amaxesha amaninzi emivuzo ephezulu ukuze afune abantu abavela kwi-3M ye-lithium yebhetri yeR & D kwisebe.

Ukuthatha eli thuba, i-3M yatyhalela isikhephe ecaleni kwangoku, yamkela iqhinga elithi "abantu bahambe, kodwa amalungelo elungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza ahlala", yalichitha ngokupheleleyo isebe lebhetri, kwaye yenza inzuzo ephezulu ngokuthumela amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kunye nentsebenziswano yobuchwephesha.Amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza anikwe inani lamashishini ebhetri ye-lithium yaseJapan kunye neKorea anjenge-Elektron, iPanasonic, iHitachi, i-Samsung, i-LG, i-L & F kunye ne-SK, kunye nezinto ze-cathode ezifana ne-Shanshan, i-Hunan Ruixiang kunye ne-Beida Xianxian e-China Kukho amashishini angaphezu kweshumi ewonke.

Amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza ka-Anl anikezelwa kuphela kwiinkampani ezintathu: i-BASF, isigebenga sekhemikhali saseJamani, i-Toyoda industries, i-Japan cathode material factory, kunye ne-LG, inkampani yase-South Korea.Kamva, kukhuphiswano oluphambili lwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kwimathiriyeli ye-ternary, amaqumrhu amabini aphezulu ophando lweyunivesithi aye asekwa.Oku kuye kwabumba amandla "angaphakathi" etekhnoloji yamashishini ebhetri ye-lithium entshona, eJapan naseMzantsi Korea, ngelixa i-China ingazuzanga kakhulu.

4/ Ukunyuka kwamaShishini aseTshayina

Ekubeni i-China ingazange ikwazi ubugcisa obuphambili, yayaphula njani imeko?Uphando lwebhetri ye-lithium yaseTshayina alukho emva kwexesha, luphantse ludityaniswe nehlabathi.Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, phantsi kwengcebiso kaChen Liquan, isifundiswa seChinese Academy of Engineering eJamani, iZiko lefiziksi yeChinese Academy of Sciences yaseka ilabhoratri ye-ion yokuqala eqinile eTshayina, kwaye yaqalisa uphando kwi-lithium- abaqhubi be-ion kunye neebhetri ze-lithium.Kwi-1995, ibhetri yokuqala ye-lithium yaseChina yazalwa kwiZiko le-physics, i-Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Ngelo xesha, ngenxa yokunyuka kwe-electronics yabathengi kwiminyaka yee-1990, iibhetri ze-lithium zaseChina ziye zaphakama ngaxeshanye, kunye nokuvela "kwezigebenga ezine", ezizezi, uLishen, BYD, bick kunye ne-ATL.Nangona iJapan yayikhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweshishini, ngenxa yobunzima bokusinda, iSanyo Electric yathengiswa kwiPanasonic, kwaye u-Sony wathengisa ishishini lakhe lebhetri ye-lithium kwimveliso ye-Murata.Kukhuphiswano oluqatha kwiimarike, kuphela i-BYD kunye ne-ATL "ezine ezinkulu" eChina.

Ngo-2011, “uluhlu lwabamhlophe” lwenkxaso karhulumente waseTshayina lwavala amashishini afumana inkxaso-mali kumazwe angaphandle.Emva kokuba ifunyenwe yinkunzi yaseJapan, isazisi se-ATL saphelelwa lixesha.Ngoko uZeng Yuqun, umseki we-ATL, ucebe ukwenza ishishini lebhetri lamandla lizimele, vumela i-capital yaseTshayina ithathe inxaxheba kuyo, kwaye idibanise izabelo zenkampani yomzali iTDK, kodwa akazange afumane imvume.Ke uZeng Yuqun waseka ixesha leNingde (catl), kwaye wenza inkqubela phambili ekuqokeleleni itekhnoloji yokuqala, waba lihashe elimnyama.

Ngokwendlela yetekhnoloji, i-BYD ikhetha ibhetri ye-lithium yentsimbi ye-phosphate ekhuselekileyo neyindleko, eyahluke kakhulu kumandla aphezulu we-lithium ternary ibhetri kwixesha le-Ningde.Oku kunxulumene nemodeli yeshishini le-BYD.UWang Chuanfu, umseki wenkampani, ukhuthaza "ukutya intonga kude kube sekupheleni".Ngaphandle kweglasi kunye namatayara, phantse zonke ezinye iindawo zemoto ziveliswa kwaye zithengiswa ngokwayo, kwaye emva koko zikhuphisane nehlabathi langaphandle ngenzuzo yexabiso.Ngokusekwe koku, i-BYD sele iqinile kwindawo yesibini kwimarike yasekhaya ixesha elide.

Kodwa i-advanteji ye-BYD ikwabubuthathaka bayo: yenza iibhetri kwaye ithengise iimoto, nto leyo eyenza ukuba abanye abavelisi beemoto bangathembi ngokwendalo kwaye bakhethe ukunika iiodolo kubakhuphisana nabo kunabo.Umzekelo, uTesla, nangona itekhnoloji yebhetri ye-BYD ye-LiFePO4 iqokelele ngaphezulu, isakhetha itekhnoloji efanayo yexesha le-Ningde.Ukuze utshintshe imeko, i-BYD iceba ukwahlula ibhetri yamandla kwaye iqalise "ibhetri ye-blade".

Ukususela ekuhlaziyweni kunye nokuvula, ibhetri ye-lithium yenye yeenkalo ezimbalwa ezinokubamba amazwe aphuhlileyo.Izizathu zezi zilandelayo: okokuqala, urhulumente ubeka ukubaluleka okukhulu kukhuseleko lobuchule;okwesibini, akukashiywa lixesha ukuba uqalise;okwesithathu, imarike yasekhaya inkulu ngokwaneleyo;okwesine, iqela labafuna iingcali zobugcisa kunye namashishini asebenza kunye ukuze aphule.Kodwa ukuba sisondeza, njengegama lexesha le-Ningde, yimpumelelo yezoqoqosho yase-China kunye nexesha lezithuthi zombane ezibumba ixesha le-Ningde.

Kule mihla, i-China ayishiyeki ngasemva kumazwe aphuhlileyo kuphando lwezixhobo ze-anode kunye ne-electrolytes, kodwa kusekho ukusilela, okufana nesahluli sebhetri ye-lithium, ukuxinana kwamandla njalo njalo.Ngokucacileyo, ukuqokelelwa kwetekhnoloji yasentshona, iJapan kunye noMzantsi Korea kuseneenzuzo ezithile.Umzekelo, nangona amaxesha e-Ningde ebekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwimakethi yebhetri yehlabathi iminyaka eliqela, iingxelo zophando lweshishini lasekhaya nezangaphandle zisadwelisa iPanasonic kunye ne-LG kwinqanaba lokuqala, ngelixa amaxesha e-Ningde kunye ne-BYD zikwinqanaba lesibini.

5/ Isiphelo
 

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, kunye nophuhliso olongezelelweyo lophando oluhambelanayo kwixesha elizayo, ukuphuhliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweebhetri ze-lithium kwihlabathi kuya kuzisa ithemba elibanzi, eliya kukhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwamandla kunye nokutsha kwentlalo yoluntu, kunye nokufaka umfutho omtsha kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo. loqoqosho noluntu kunye nokomeleza ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.Njengenkampani ekhokelayo yeemoto kushishino, uTesla ufana nentlanzi.Ngelixa ivuselela uphuhliso lwezithuthi zamandla amatsha, ikwakhokela kumngeni kwindawo yentengiso yebhetri ye-lithium.

UZeng Yuqun ukhe wachaza ibali elingaphakathi lobudlelwane bakhe noTesla: imusk ibithetha ngeendleko imini yonke.Intsingiselo kukuba uTesla utyhala phantsi iindleko zeebhetri.Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwinkqubo ye-Tesla kunye ne-Ningde yexesha lokukhawuleza kwimarike yaseTshayina, zombini isithuthi kunye nebhetri akufanele ingayihoyi ingxaki yomgangatho ngenxa yeendleko.Nje ukuba kube njalo, uthotho lwasekhaya lokuqala lwemigaqo-nkqubo eneenjongo ezintle luya kuncitshiswa kakhulu ngokubaluleka.

Ukongezelela, kukho inyaniso ebuhlungu.Nangona iChina ilawula imakethi yebhetri ye-lithium, ezona teknoloji zingundoqo kunye namalungelo omenzi we-lithium iron phosphate kunye nezixhobo ze-ternary azikho ezandleni zabantu baseTshayina.Ukuba kuthelekiswa neJapan, iChina inesikhewu esikhulu sotyalo-mali lwabantu kunye nenkunzi kuphando lwebhetri ye-lithium kunye nophuhliso.Oku kugxininisa ukubaluleka kophando lwenzululwazi olusisiseko, oluxhomekeke ekuzingiseni kwexesha elide kunye notyalo-mali lukarhulumente, amaziko ophando lwenzululwazi kunye namashishini.

Okwangoku, iibhetri ze-lithium zihambela kwisizukulwana sesithathu emva kwezizukulwana ezibini ze-lithium cobalt oxide, i-lithium iron phosphate kunye ne-lithium ternary.Njengoko ubuchwephesha obungundoqo kunye namalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kwizizukulwana ezibini zokuqala zahlulwe ziinkampani zangaphandle, i-China ayinazo iingenelo ezingundoqo ezaneleyo, kodwa inokukwazi ukuyibuyisela umva imeko kwisizukulwana esilandelayo ngokubeka kwangethuba.Ngokujonga indlela yophuhliso lweshishini lophando olusisiseko kunye nophuhliso, uphando lwesicelo kunye nophuhliso lwemveliso yezinto zebhetri, kufuneka silungele imfazwe yexesha elide.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kweebhetri ze-lithium e-China zisajongene nemingeni emininzi.Ngokomzekelo, ekusebenziseni ngokwenene i-lithium ibhetri yeenqwelo zamandla amatsha, kusekho ezinye iingxaki, ezifana nokuxinwa kwamandla aphantsi, ukusebenza kakubi kobushushu obuphantsi, ixesha elide lokutshaja, ubomi obufutshane benkonzo kunye nokunye.

Ukusukela ngo-2019, i-China iye yalurhoxisa “uluhlu olumhlophe” lweebhetri, kwaye amashishini angaphandle anje nge-LG kunye ne-Panasonic abuyele kwintengiso yaseTshayina, ngendlela ekhawuleza kakhulu ekhubekisayo.Ngexesha elifanayo, ngokunyuka kwengcinezelo kwiindleko zeebhetri ze-lithium, ukhuphiswano kwiimarike zasekhaya luba lukhulu.Oku kuya kunyanzela amashishini afanelekileyo ukuba aphumelele inzuzo kukhuphiswano olupheleleyo kunye nokusebenza kweendleko eziphezulu zemveliso kunye nesakhono sokusabela ngokukhawuleza kwimarike, ukuze kukhuthazwe uphuculo kunye nokukhula okuqhubekayo koshishino lwebhetri ye-lithium yaseTshayina.